Press-que Vu

The minute a student steps into the 11^th grade, they have the SAT’s and ACT’s constantly on their mind. These are just two examples of the numerous standardized tests students take. Good scores on these tests display the epitome of intellectual prowess. Standardized tests are at the forefront of college applications and every available academic scholarship. But, does one test score truly determine a student’s capability?

Is a standardized test the sole cause of a student’s college success? Success in college is also dependent on quality of education, and the amount of learning that takes place outside the classroom. But, due to the extensive expectations that colleges hold students up to, teachers are forced to fall into a trend of only providing information that is relevant to a standardized test. Kira Golding writes, “A trend of ‘teaching to the test’ has become widespread in the US, which narrows teachers’ focus on only teaching subjects that will help students perform well on standardized tests. Yet, studies have shown that students are more successful when focused on learning rather than on exam performance.” Students’ learning experience suffers when all their hard work is toward an exam grade, rather than developing a productive learning environment.

The increasing competition for college admission gives standardized entrance tests even more importance. Anything below a 95% is considered average. This is a ridiculous expectation to uphold of a student. In the mind of the students, standardized tests are the most crucial examinations they will ever take. This pressure takes a toll on students’ mental, as well as physical health. Alliance for Childhood brought many health consequences due to standardized testing into light. Standardized tests would bring up many issues, such as stomachaches, vomiting, headaches, sleep problems, depression, anxiety attacks, attendance problems and acting out. Students with existing mental health issues had even more concerning cases, including an increase in stress-related symptoms. In Oklahoma, high school students must pass four standardized tests to graduate, regardless of their GPA. If a student fails to pass all four tests, they will not receive a high school diploma.

Standardized tests are also very inflexible, therefore they cannot be a measure of a student’s true progress. Standardized testing evaluates one-time performance, instead of taking a student’s improvement over time, into account. Some students may excel in the classroom, but not ace standardized tests for various reasons. It could be because they crack under so much performance pressure, unfamiliarity with the format, language barriers, test anxiety, mental and physical health issues and, family strife. But, standardized tests don’t take personal factors into consideration. Standardized testing cannot be an accurate representation of a student’s potential.

In India, a student commits suicide every hour. From 2014-2016, there was a total of 7,462 suicide cases, due to failure in exams. Failure accounts for almost one-fourth of suicides each year. The number of suicide cases because of extra-marital affairs, cancer, divorce, AIIDS and sexually transmitted diseases put together are not even close to the number of suicides due to exam failure. JEE, the entrance exam for The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), is the most competitive exam in the world. In 2014, 13.6 lakhs students sat for the IIT-JEE exams and only 9784 seats were available in all the IITs put together. That’s an acceptance rate of only 0.7%. There have been several cases of suicide, solely because of rejection from IIT.

“You will fail. It’s a matter of when. The true test is if you can continue and stand up and accept failure and move forward.”-Lady Gaga

Alina Vaidya Mahadevan

SOURCES

Are Standardized Tests the Best Representation of Students?

Click to access c._simpson_effects_of_testing_on_well_being_5_16.pdf

https://www.thoughtco.com/examining-the-pros-and-cons-of-standardized-testing-3194596

https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/feb/18/is-failure-in-exams-a-major-cause-for-suicides-in-india-5317.html

https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/neet-2019-iit-jee-3-student-suicides-in-2-days-rock-kota-as-the-tally-reaches/336782

Why IIT JEE is the Toughest Exam in the World?

Despite the recent endeavours to break stereotypes in academics as well as in sports, men and women are still categorised into different educational programmes which eventually leads to male and female dominated fields. 

To explain boys’ and girls’ education choices, educational research journals written by ‘Hyde and Mertz’ and ‘Ceci and Williams’ have mainly focussed on differences of ability based on gender in 50 different countries. The results proved that boys are better at math and non- verbal tasks, whereas girls are superior in writing and verbal assignments. Although ability has a great influence as to which track one would choose, other bodies of research convey that ability doesn’t entirely explain boys’ and girls’ education choices. 

Research by sociological scientists ‘Alon.S.and T. A. DiPrete’ proves that the social environment in which children grow up as well as cultural beliefs plays a massive role in influencing and clouding the minds of adolescents, and hence persuading them to conduct themselves according to what is termed as “gender appropriate.” This particular influence created by society is known as “gender ideology.” 

Previous studies have made mainly focussed on why girls do not opt for math- intensive tracks whereas boys do not opt for more humanitarian tracks. The study later evaluated that the reason for this is the under- representation of females in masculine tracks (Maths, Computer Sciences) and vice versa. Ironically, when we think of great artists over the centuries, we predominantly think of greats like Leonardo da Vinci, Picasso, Michelangelo and many others. This field has been dominated by males over the years but is yet thought to be a feminine track. 

Overrepresentation in a particular field for either men or women can reinforce an adolescent’s idea of what is expected of them as boys and girls. This in turn leads to gender inequality in industries and professions in the long run. Furthermore, women in today’s world who are progressing into masculine tracks are thought to be moving up the ladder, whereas men leaning towards stereotypically feminine tracks are facing ridicule and judgement.

With regards to sport, according to ‘SportsRec,’ men are biologically quicker, stronger and less prone to injuries as compared to women. Because of this, men’s sport is much better known for its quality and is therefore more famous amongst fans; and hence is drastically overshadowing women’s sport globally. In fact, recently, the women’s American Football Team who recently won the World Cup, are protesting against the government to increase their wages as they don’t even earn a third of what their male counterparts are paid. Furthermore, many societies, rich and poor, look down upon females simply playing sport at all, which is another example of gender inequality.

Overall, I believe that pressure by society outweighs biological differences between the genders and is the greater factor responsible for masculine or feminine dominated fields which eventually leads to gender inequality. This being said, the only way to break gender stereotypes is by changing the mindset’s of adolescents at a young age and encouraging children to continue their hobbies, regardless of what is stereotypically expected of their gender.

“The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker section of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.”

• Article 46 of the Indian Constitution

This article of the Indian Constitution highlights the need for the government to protect “lower” castes and tribes from the systemic oppression they have and continue to experience. Earlier, the caste system was disguised as a division of labour, but was really a way to oppress people and concentrate power amongst a few. Presently, the caste system is just as prevalent, but its effects on people’s lives have become so routine that it’s no longer questioned. We read about isolated instances of caste discrimination in the news, but do we, as a privileged, sheltered group of people, really understand what it means to be oppressed because of your caste?

The Indian caste system was built around the belief that each caste represented a part of Brahma. Brahmins, the teachers and intellectuals in society, were said to have emerged from Brahma’s head. From his arms came the Kshatriyas, who were warriors or rulers. Vaishyas, the traders, were said to have come from his thighs. The Shudras, who performed menial tasks, came from his feet. The Dalits had such a low status in society that they were considered inhuman. They were often referred to as “untouchables”and were not even included in the social hierarchy.

Discrimination against dalits is a big part of Indian history. Dalits weren’t allowed in public spaces like temples,schools, etc. out of fear that they would “pollute” it. Dalit children were made to sit separately in schools, dalits were alloted different water sources, and tea shops even had separate glasses for dalits to drink from. Dalits perform agricultural tasks or other undesirable jobs, like disposing of dead bodies and cleaning toilets, and were prohibited from wearing proper clothes or sandals. For dalits, their caste follows them wherever they go, but in the past they always bore a mark of untouchability, whether it be their clothes or occupation.

Although today we may pretend like caste discrimination is no longer a part of Indian society, it clearly plays a large role, even if we prefer not to acknowledge it. Today, dalits are killed for breaking age-old laws, dalit women are gang raped, and dalits around India commit suicide becasue of the unbearable discrimination they face. Upwardly mobile dalits are even criticised for utilising the SC/ST act, that, interestingly, was created to help them get ahead in a country where it is near impossible for them to do so. 

A photo exhibition in Mumbai, 2018, by Sudharak Olwe focussed on people who had lost loved ones to caste discrimination. A few of them included the stories of Rohan Kakade, Rajashree Kamble and Nitin Aage. Rohan Kakade was beheaded and burnt by five men, the day before he turned 19, because they believed that he was having a relationship with an upper caste woman. Despite their clear guilt, all five men were acquitted in court. Rajashree Kamble, a 10 year old dalit girl, died because of head injuries while she was attempting to collect water from a well. Her father says that his daughter may have lived if their dalit neighbourhood had received its daily supply of water. Lastly, Nitin Aage, a 17 year old boy, was found talking to an upper-caste girl from his school. He was then repeatedly harassed by 3 men. Finally, Nitin was beaten up at the school and then taken to a property owned by the girl’s family and strangled to death. He was hung from a tree to give the appearence of suicide. All 13 men accused of his murder were acquitted. 

Along with murders based on caste, many dalits also commit suicide due to the discrimination they face. In 2016, the suicide of Rohith Vemula, a PhD candidate at Hyderabad University sparked major protests across Indian college campuses, drawing the nation’s attention to the kind of blatant discrimination that dalits face even in liberal spaces like universities. In his note, Vemula wrote, “My birth is my fatal accident,”and for too many dalits this is still true. More recently, Dr. Payal Tadvi, a 26 year old resident doctor at BYL Nair Hospital, was found hanging on the premises of the hospital, on May 22 of this year, after senior colleagues directed casteist slurs at her. Hospital authorities took no action until Tadvi’s family demanded an investigation. Both Rohith Vemula and Payal Tadvi killed themselves because people insisted on making their caste their identity.

The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act,1989 was created to prevent atrocities against “lower” castes or tribes. It also made sure there was a certain quota or reservation for scheduled castes and tribes that would give them access to jobs. However, while this does give dalits opportunities, it is still upholds the division between castes and isn’t creating a feeling of equality between people. What’s even worse is people are criticised for taking advantage of an act that was put in place for them to make a better life for themselves. The reservation system has negatives and positives but, ultimately, isn’t doing any good for the public’s mindset towards caste.

In an issue like this there are 3 perspectives that we are aware of. There is the perspective of the people being discriminated against, in this case “lower” castes and tribes. There are people who discriminate against others. And then there are those who stand idly by, unaware or uncaring of the effects the caste system has on the people that aren’t part of their world. Since caste does not directly affect us, we overlook it and assume it has been eradicated from society. But people like Rohith Vemula and Payal Tadvi exist all over India and we must be aware of their situation – even if we don’t think it concerns us. 

Bollywood. Something everyone is familiar with. Whether it’s because of  their dhin-chak outfits or uplifting songs, Bollywood is the Hindi language film industry that has taken over the hearts of most of the population in India and across the world. Why? What is it about Bollywood that seems to be so intriguing to such a large audience? Bollywood music videos play a key role in this industry’s success. 

Bollywood is known to always have musical numbers in their movies even if they don’t help move the plot on or have any significance whatsoever. These videos mostly tend to have a woman who is portrayed as weak, powerless and useless unless with a man. The song usually starts with a female who has no interest in a male but by the end of the song the female is convinced otherwise by the man using lewd dance moves and lyrics. Or, the woman is viewed as an object that can be used to the man’s infinite pleasure. These songs are referred to as ‘item songs’. 

Even with the name, ‘item songs’ deeply degrade women and portray them as pieces of flesh rather than beings with their own emotions and choices. In the music videos the men are frequently shirtless while the women are made to wear absurd outfits that hardly cover up their bodies. In the song, ‘Fevicol Se’ Kareena Kapoor, a famous Bollywood actress, is sung to be ‘Tandoori Chicken’ that is supposed to be ‘swallowed with alcohol’. In this shallow and demeaning video, Kareena Kapoor is seen moving her hips in all directions possible and is obviously coveted by the men around her who are whistling and staring at her with lust. This is supposed to be appealing and used to lure a larger male audience to Bollywood, especially society’s lowest common denominator. The movie industry, much like the media industry, is dominated by men. Many movies are made by men, for men. Because men are the ones who make the movies, they tend to portray women in the way they believe other men will be attracted to watching their films. Thus women are dehumanised as they are reduced to tools of seduction and enticement.

Bollywood uses the shallowness of society to their advantage. In the same video, Salman Khan makes an entrance fully clothed, unlike the women, and immediately begins drinking and objectifying Kareena Kapoor. He is seen pushing her around and treating her as if she is obviously inferior. The movements he shows are all assertive symbolise his power and strength. The women however are given movements restricted to chest pumps and moving their hips from side to side and their facial expressions tend to be only that of winking and lip biting.

During the course of most of these item numbers, the people are shown to be changing their clothes at several intervals.The men are seen wearing clothes that bring out their upper physique, like their muscles and toned bodies and usually are fully dressed. The women, however, are almost always seen to be wearing clothes that cover only less than half of their bodies. The dance also seems to emphasise on their ‘flawless’ skin, legs, hands and stomachs. The actress is always shown to be slim and skinny, without even a single flaw. This puts a lot of pressure on girls to change the way they look and how they should behave and be treated in society. 

Another reason as to why this music video is only used to earn money and a bigger audience is that it is, as mentioned before, completely unrelated and unhelpful to the plot. The star of this song, Kareena Kapoor, is not even the female lead in this movie. Also, even though Salman Khan is shown to have a love interest in the movie, in this music video he is clearly shown to be fantasizing over Kareena.This insinuates the idea that it is acceptable for men to fantasize about women other than the one they claim to be in love with. When young men and women watch these films, these ideas become subconsciously ingrained in their minds. Repetition creates truth – men tend to dehumanise women and objectify them, while women often become servile in their demeanor.

Watching these dances influences young minds to do the same. These Bollywood songs provide an unrealistic and misleading idea for love and women. In reality, it is unlikely that any woman would feel comfortable being put in that situation. It is also very disturbing that even though there is a huge problem with rape in India, Bollywood still shows the women enjoying the toxic atmosphere they are put in during the music videos. 

In my opinion while item numbers certainly put Bollywood way below the bar, the newer movies seem to have less or no item numbers in them. As society progresses, Bollywood is also slowly progressing. Item numbers seemed to be why a movie got famous but now, with younger actors like Ayushman Khurana and Rajkumar Rao and their solid storyline backed movies, show us that romance is not the only thing that people look for in a movie and item numbers seem to be of lesser and lesser importance. Also, we cannot let item numbers blind us from the mesmerising dances by Shiamak Davar and Terence Lewis, two famous Bollywood choreographers who have occasionally used dance to convey important messages within the story. 

To conclude, society as a whole must move in a direction that doesn’t allow women to be in degrading and demeaning situations for the sole reason of earning money. Bollywood is beginning to have movies with less or no item songs and they should continue down that path. Since the youth is so easily influenced these days it is the film industry’s duty to ensure that they keep their environment respectful and do not put false ideas into their viewers’ heads.

If you were to walk into a high school environment, girls are more likely to opt for art than boys. According to the National Museum of Women in the Arts, 70% of fine art bachelors degrees are done by women and 65-75% masters are done by women. Today, arts are generally considered feminine, and therefore inferior. But throughout history, a large majority of the great artists have been men. This incongruous gendering of the arts is something that has been a part of society for as long as art has existed, and its self-contradictory nature has perplexed many.

The role of gender stereotypes in art are very clearly related to the role of gender stereotypes in society. Men are generally considered more ambitious, confident, and authoritative whereas women are considered nurturing, compassionate, and empathetic. So, of course, the only things women are suited for are producing children. Historically, women have been confined to their homes and not been given opportunities to express themselves, which might be why male artists get so much more recognition than them. Generally, in societies men have been more noticed and respected than women. While this has been slowly changing, it has still affected our society’s understanding of a number of fields today – art being one of them.

But just because male artists are the ones who are the most famous, it doesn’t mean that women have not played a vital role in art over the years. According to the google dictionary, art can be defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination in any form. Men are better known for their work as fine artists and musicians, simply because they were better educated than women. Knowledge of painting and music often came alongside education. Women, on the other hand, would learn skills such as textile making or cooking because these were practical skills used around households. Fine art, which is what men did, requires far more patience and technique (to a certain extent) and is therefore considered more intellectual. While decorative arts are also considered art forms today, traditional art was much more structured. Even many famous female chefs today, such as Nigella Lawson, are overshadowed by male ones like Gordon Ramsay. (Although this might just be because for some reason people enjoy watching a grown man throw abuse at people’s food on reality television.)

Furthermore, because of the patriarchal nature of our society, even when women created their own art, it was dismissed and they were not able to sell it or get any recognition for it. Take Frida Kahlo, for example – her life was pretty Kah-low to be honest, with her art disregarded, many near-death experiences, and a tumultuous relationship with her husband. But today, her paintings are sold for millions of dollars and appreciated all over the world – ‘Roots”, a self portrait, was sold was $5.62 million in 2006 at an auction in New York. So it’s not that Kahlo was less talented than Van Gogh or Monet, she just lived in a male-dominated society. Even today, female artists only make 74 cents for every dollar a man makes.

Although women were not allowed to express themselves nearly as much as they are now, they still played an important role in society and are depicted in many paintings. But the depiction of women is from a male perspective. For example, famous musicians, once again, are largely male. But in depictions of muses, the muse is always feminine. Muses act as symbols of enlightenment and creativity, which makes it ironic that a man depicts a woman in such a way. These muses are depicted as female deities, lovers, or mistresses, i.e. a woman that brings out the best in a man and ‘bestows greatness upon them’. The woman may be the object of the painting, but it is male hands that paint the picture of the woman. Because men’s opinions are always far more important than women’s, even when a matter does not concern them (cough, Alabama, cough).

Until the 20th century, women did not get much recognition as artists of any type. This was when many feminist movements came about and women got a stronger voice and started demanding more and more of their rights. Women starting teaching and studying in many art schools. These art schools became a strong center for all sorts of feminist activity and women started to be more represented in art. This is something that may have affected the perception of art as something feminine.

So while art has long been something that one would associate with other stereotypically female characteristics, well known artists are predominantly men. But then again, are there any fields where men aren’t more prevalent than women?

“Disability is merely a state of mind”. This quote is the driving force and motivator of millions of disabled athletes across the world. One such athlete is the Indian international para-athlete, Malathi Krishnamurthy Holla. Malathi was completely paralyzed at the age  of one due to Polio. Regular shock therapy treatment permitted her upper body to begin to function normally again, but her lower half remained paralysed and she was confined to a wheelchair. Although Malathi faced severe hardships early in her life, she decided to live her life in the best possible way and chose to excel at sports. As she herself stated, “I don’t think I am a disabled person. Of course, I am disabled physically. But that is just one part of my body. My self-confidence is not paralyzed”.

 As a result of her persistence, she excelled at various different sports and sporting competitions. She has participated in the Paralympic games on five different occasions and has also taken part in the Asian Games and World Masters Games amongst many others. She has won 389 gold medals, 27 silver medals and 5 bronze medals. In addition to this, she has been awarded both the Padma Shri award and the Arjuna award and has since been labelled a champion for the differently-abled.

Understandably though, there are limitations that prevent disabled people from actively and regularly participating in sports. Some of these restricting factors are funding, facilities and medical help. These barriers pose questions as to what extent it is viable for disabled people to participate in sport and physical exercise. This spurred Malathi Holla to establish the Mathru Foundation, a home for disabled children, in Bangalore. The foundation aims to educate physically disabled children and help families who are struggling with paying for medical procedures or basic education.

People all over the world have taken  active steps to attempt to provide opportunities for disabled people to play different sports. The most prestigious sporting event in the world, the Olympics, now has a sister competition, solely for disabled people: The Paralympics. The idea of sporting competitions for disabled people stemmed from the idea of Doctor Ludwig Guttman who first allowed disabled people to participate in sports. The first Paralympic games took place in 1960 in Rome, featuring 400 athletes from 23 different countries. Since the introduction of the Paralympic Games, people have recognised the requirement for disabled people to practice sport and this has led to the establishment of multiple other sporting competitions. The Duke of Sussex, Prince Harry, has since created the Invictus Games, a sporting event for wounded or sick individuals, while Asia as a continent has also promoted the need for such events and established the Asian Para Games in 2010.

The modification of sports in order to accommodate disabled people’s special needs is also an increasing trend. Modified sports are now a regular feature and have been termed adaptive sports by the community in general. One of the most frequent modifications to a sport is the addition and utilization of wheelchairs. Sports like wheelchair basketball, wheelchair rugby and wheelchair tennis have become regular features in sporting competitions for disabled people all around the world. In fact, the sports that Malathi Holla took part in were also modified in the same way, via the addition of a wheelchair. As a testament to the resilience of the athlete, most of the medals that she won at international competitions were won on a rented wheelchair! To this day, she remains the fastest Indian athlete on wheelchair.  

Although there are many advantages to having sporting competitions and events for disabled people, there are certain limitations which arise from the same. Sporting events for handicapped people need to be closely monitored , given greater media coverage and enhanced medical assistance in case of a malfunction or accident. Along with this, the chances for something to go awry are greatly increased merely by the athlete’s physical condition. In addition to this, the cost of the event would also be significantly higher due to the need to purchase specialized equipment and the requirement for having the necessary medication and aid. The equipment and facilities too may be hard to acquire and not accessible in certain regions or places. As a result of these restrictions, sporting events for disabled people are not as regularly held as sporting events for non handicapped people. Although these limitations are present and could possibly restrict disbled athletes, I believe that as long as the athlete is willing to put in the required amount of effort to succeed, the limitations will seem insignificant. This is clearly shown in the example of Malathi Holla.

The community as a whole has taken great strides towards aiding disabled people via the introduction of various sporting events and modification of a number of different sports. Although there are restrictions, I believe that the benefits and advantages of disabled people being introduced to and being allowed to participate in sports and sporting events, greatly outweigh the disadvantages. Each individual should be granted the opportunity to excel in their chosen field, thus establishing the need for handicapped people to be permitted to participate in previously unimaginable things like physical excellence.

On the 26th of May 2017, the state of Maharashtra banned the consumption, sale and purchase of beef. This was a day was misery for beef lovers as the Ministry of Environment (Led by the Bharatiya Janata Party) of India and the Bombay High Court had taken away the one food they love. Any person found in possession is heavily fined or has to serve a jail sentence to up to 5 years.

India is a secular but Hindu dominated country. According to Hindus, cattle are living incarnations of god and hence sacred. The government of India, with the help of large Hindu dominated political parties passed the law which imposed the ban of slaughter of cattle. Soon, the Maharashtra government adopted this law and banned beef in the state.

This ban had a ripple effect amongst many communities: businesses, farmers and also on our economy. In an effort to  enforce this law, violence between communities increased across Maharashtra. Small butchers lost their jobs.. The export industry suffered major losses, causing a drop in the economy. Hindu fanatics and extremists took violence to a whole new level by torturing and killing anyone who was seen carrying, purchasing, or consuming  beef. 

Despite the ban’s negative impacts, many Animal Activists saw this as a victory. The number of young cattle who were slaughtered and tortured reduced drastically due to this law. This meant the cattle were used productively in other ways like farming in agriculture, for milk, etc.

I feel that this law caters  to a specific religion, and if more laws like these come up  it would be difficult to call ourselves a secular country. It also shows that the views of other religions are being shunted and only one is being respected. True  diversity cannot be promised in a country where the government claims secularity but the laws tell another story. If the laws continues to cater to one social group, then any hope for equality and secularity in the country will be gone.

I believe it is not okay to slaughter and torture any living being, but you cannot put a ban on what one chooses to eat. The BJP have taken away that fundamental right which every Indian should have: the right to choose how to live, what to  eat and what to believe in. 

Sources referenced

https://www.forbes.com/sites/leezamangaldas/2017/06/05/indias-got-beef-with-beef-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-countrys-controversial-beef-ban/#640f37c053c2

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Beef Down: Implications of Beef Ban on Indian Communities

http://www.urbangateway.org/news/india%E2%80%99s-ban-beef-could-have-devastating-consequences

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https://www.forbes.com/sites/leezamangaldas/2017/06/05/indias-got-beef-with-beef-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-countrys-controversial-beef-ban/#53e2ae7d53c2

http://dahd.nic.in/hi/related-links/annex-ii-8-gist-state-legislations-cow-slaughter

Cow Slaughter Prevention Laws in India

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India

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https://brainly.in/question/1472916

https://www.dailyo.in/voices/cow-slaughter-gau-rakshak-beef-ban/story/1/16616.html